Spring 2002
Lesson learning objectives are given out at the beginning of the course. They consist of general statements of what students should be able to do after each lesson is completed. Their purpose is to provide guidelines for helping students to know what is expected in each lesson so that study time can be utilized more efficiently and effectively.
In addition to accomplishing the objectives for each lesson, students should be able to work problems similar to those assigned by the instructor, and know the key words at the end of each chapter in the text which were included in the reading assignment.
JOHNSON COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
PHYSICAL SCIENCE PSCI 120
LESSON LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1
1. Become acquainted with the use of scientific calculators and know how to use Standard Scientific Notation.
2. Discuss what is meant by "science", what are its characteristics, and what is its value to society and technology. (Discussed by instructor)
3. Discuss the steps in the scientific method. (Discussed by instructor)
4. Understand how the course is organized into four major disciplines.
5. Understand course requirements and grading standards.
6. Review Math , Metric System (SI) System International Units
7. Become familiar with units of length (L), mass (m), and time (t).
8. Define mechanics as the term is used in physics. (intro)
9. What did Aristotle think about motion? (2.1)
10. What did Galileo add to the study of motion? (2.1)
11. Define and contrast average and instantaneous speed. (2.2)
12. Define speed and velocity and recognize the difference between them. (2.2, 2.4)
13. What is the difference between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity? (2.3, 2.4)
14. Define acceleration. (2.5)
15. Be familiar with the English and International System (SI) units for speed and acceleration. (2.2, 2.6)
16. What is meant by free fall? Be able to compute distance fallen in a given time, and the time required to fall a given distance. (2.6)
17. Understand constant acceleration and give an example. (2.6, 2.7)
18. Explain the effects of air resistance on a freely falling object. (2.6)
19. Know the units and the numerical value for "g", and know how this value is used. (2.6)
2
1. Discuss what is meant by a force and a net force, and whether these quantities are a vector or scalar. (2.8)
2. What is a newton and how is it related to a pound? (2.13)
3. State Newton's three laws of motion and be able to give an example of each. Be able to work problems using Newton's 2nd law. (2.11 - 2.14)
4. What is meant by inertia? (2.12)
5. Define one newton of force and give its units. (2.13)
6. Know the difference between mass and weight. Given the mass of an object, be able to compute its weight in metric units. (SI) (2.13)
3
1. Define work and state the SI unit of work. (3.4)
2. Describe what energy is and state its units. (3.4)
3. Give a descriptive definition of, and state the formula for, kinetic energy. (3.5)
4. Give a descriptive definition of, and state the formula for, gravitational potential energy. Be able to work problems using the KE and PE formula. (3.6)
5. State the law of the conservation of mechanical energy. (3.7)
6. Understand what is meant by the "conservation" of energy. (3.7)
7. Explain why the law of the conservation of energy is important. (3.7)
8. Understand how the total energy of a system is related to the sum of its potential energy, kinetic energy, and thermal energy, and be able to work problems using this relation. (3.7)
9. Give a definition of power and calculate the power consumption of a given system using the proper units. (3.9)
10. Recognize the different units of power and convert from one unit of power to another. (3.9)
4
1. State the law of universal gravitation. (4.2)
2. Know how the gravitational force varies with mass and distance. (4.2)
3. What is meant by artificial gravity and explain how it can be created. (page 86)
4. Explain how ocean tides are formed. (page 77)
5. Discuss what is meant by weightlessness and why astronauts orbiting the Earth feel weightlessness. (4.3)
6. Understand how the horizontal and vertical components of motion contribute to projectile motion, and how they differ from one another in velocity and acceleration. (4.4)
7. Explain the force that causes an object to move in a circular or near circular path and how this keeps one object in orbit about another; for example, explain what keeps the Moon in orbit around the Earth and the planets in orbit around the Sun. Define centripetal force. (4.5 - 4.6)
8. Explain how satellite orbits can be related to horizontal projectiles. (4.7)
5
1. Describe the effect that increasing temperature has on the volume of materials such as mercury (Hg). (5.1)
2. Describe what is believed to happen to matter at zero Kelvin. (5.2)
3. Discuss temperature scales, and be able to convert from one scale to another. (Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin) (5.2)
4. Be able to compare the freezing and boiling points of water on the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin temperature scales. (5.2)
8. What is meant by the term heat? (5.5)
6. Define the following: calorie (cal); Calorie (C); and British Thermal Unit (BTU). (5.4)
7. Compare and contrast the terms heat and temperature. (5.5)
8. Discuss the relationship between temperature and molecular motion. (5.5)
9. Explain the process of evaporation and how it acts to cool a substance. (page 99)
10. Define specific heat, define heat of fusion, and heat of vaporization. (5.6, 5.8)
11. Explain why phase transitions require relatively large amounts of energy. (5.8)
12. Describe how heat is transferred via radiation, conduction, and convection, and describe what happens at the molecular (atomic) level when these processes occur. (5.9)
13. Describe and give an example of a good thermal conductor; describe and give an example of a good thermal insulator. (5.9 - 5.10)
14. Discuss what is meant by the greenhouse effect. (5.11)
15. Explain the role of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric greenhouse effect. (5.11)
16. What is the cause for increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and what future impact could this have? (5.11)
17. Be able to state and defend your positions on whether or not we should attempt to limit greenhouse gas production. (5.11)
6
Unit Test #1 (Review Lessons 1 - 5)
1. Describe and give examples of a transverse and longitudinal wave. (7.2)
2. Define and use the following wave terms: speed, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength. Be able to relate these terms to different types of waves. (7.2)
3. Describe the source of all sound production. (7.3)
4. Discuss the terms compression and rarefaction in relation to longitudinal waves. (7.3)
5. Recall the speed of sound in air at 0° C in units of mi/hr. (7.5)
6. Discuss how the speed of sound varies in different states of matter (gas, liquid, solid), and relate this to the term elasticity. (7.5)
7. Discuss how the speed of sound varies with respect to temperature. (7.5)
8. Recall the frequency range able to be detected as sound by the average human ear. (7.6)
9. Discuss the relationship between frequency and the speed of sound. (7.6)
10. Compare the terms pitch with frequency, and loudness with amplitude of a sound wave. (7.6 - 7.7)
11. Discuss how the decibel scale is related to the loudness of sound. (7.7)
12. Understand the concept of constructive and destructive interference. (7.8)
13. What is meant by one wave being in or out of phase with another wave? (7.8)
14. Discuss what is meant by a standing wave. (7.9)
15. What is meant by fundamental frequency, and how can it be used to determine other frequencies that could create standing waves? (7.9)
16. Discuss what is meant by the terms overtones and harmonics of a standing wave. (7.9 - 7.10)
17. Knowing the fundamental frequency of a guitar string, pick out frequencies that would produce the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd overtones. (7.10)
18. Explain the term resonance with respect to waves and under what conditions it exists. (page 144)
19. Discuss how the quality of sound production in a musical instrument is influenced by the mixture of overtones. (7.10)
20. Discuss how instrumental sounds can be distinguished by overtone mixtures. (7.10)
21. Describe the concept of the Doppler Effect and how a stationary observer would perceive a change in pitch of a sound emitted from an approaching or receding object. (7.11)
22. Understand the cause of a sonic boom. (page 148)
7
1. Understand the relationships which exist between the variables in Coulomb's Law (8.1 - 8.4)
2. Describe voltage and how it relates to potential difference. (8.6)
3. Identify the symbols for the following circuit elements: battery, resistor, and switch. (8.8)
4. Understand how each of the three circuit elements in objective 3 above function in an electrical circuit. (8.8)
5. Know the standard unit in which current is measured, and how this is related to charge and time. (8.8)
6. Define electrical resistance and indicate its units. (8.9)
7. Distinguish between electrical insulators and conductors and give examples of each. (8.9)
8
1. State Ohm's law, to include the units and symbols involved. (8.10)
2. Understand the relationship among current, voltage, and resistance in Ohm's law. (8.10)
3. Knowing any two variables in the equations P=IV, P=I2R, or P = V2/R, solve for the third. (8.12)
4. Know the practical units of electrical energy and how the cost of this energy is determined. (8.13)
5. What are two ways in which electricity can damage the human body? (8.14)
6. Recall the least amount of current able to be detected as electrical shock by the human body; the amount of current able to inhibit respiratory functions; and the amount of current passing through the heart able to induce cardiac arrest. (8.14)
7. What natural characteristic of the human body guards against harmful electrical shock. (8.14)
8. Discuss how a case ground wire on a piece of electrical equipment is designed to protect the consumer from harmful electrical shock. (8.14)
9. Understand the difference between series and parallel circuits. (8.11)
10. Explain why the terms north seeking and south seeking were originally applied to magnets. (9.1)
11. Discuss the similarities and differences between magnetic poles and electrical charges. (9.1)
12. What is a magnetic field and how is its direction determined? (9.2)
13. Discuss the proposed mechanism which produces planetary magnetic fields, and how a planet's rotation can affect its magnetic field. (9.3)
14. Describe the magnetic field, and its direction, which exists around a current carrying wire. (9.4)
15. Describe how to construct and operate an electromagnet. (9.4)
16. Describe the direction of the force exerted on a current carrying wire when placed in a magnetic field. (9.4)
17. Discuss magnetic domains and how this property of iron allows it to become magnetic. (9.5)
18. How is it possible to make an unmagnetized substance magnetic? (9.5)
19. Describe the conditions necessary to produce an induced current. (9.7)
20. Discuss the factors which would determine the size of an induced current. (9.7)
21. Explain the origin of the force applied on the shaft of an electric motor which causes it to rotate. (9.8)
22. Explain the basic operation of an electric generator. (9.9)
23. Compare and contrast the electric motor and the electric generator. (9.8 - 9.9)
24. Discuss the difference between direct and alternating current, and give examples of where each could be observed. (9.9)
25. Know the type of current utilized in the average American house. (9.9)
26. Explain why high voltages are required to transport electrical energy over great distances. (9.10)
27. Explain the function of a transformer in an electrical system. (9.10)
28. Explain the difference in the primary and secondary coil in a step-up and step-down transformer. (9.10)
9
1. Discuss Dalton's view of the atom. (12.1)
2. Distinguish among element, molecule, and compound? (12.1)
3. Describe a cathode ray tube and explain how it was used by J.J. Thompson to discover the electron. (12.3)
4. Describe Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment and what information it gave about the nucleus of the atom. (12.3)
5. What is meant by the mass number and atomic number of the nucleus? (12.4)
6. What are the relative charge and mass of the proton, electron, and neutron? (12.4)
7. Define an isotope. (12.5)
8. What were the two postulates used by Bohr in his model of the atom? (12.6)
9. Discuss the terms ground state, excited state, absorption, and emission with respect to the Bohr atom. (11.4, 12.6)
10. How are the mass and velocity of a particle related to the wavelength it produces? (12.7)
11. According to DeBroglie, what determines the circumference of an electron orbit in the Bohr atom? (12.8)
12. Compare the electron's orbit about the nucleus according to the Bohr theory and according to wave mechanics. (12.8)
13. Understand how light is produced as electrons tumble down to the ground state from excited states. (11.4)
10
1. Define the term spectrum. (11.6)
2. Tell how a spectroscope can be used to identify elements. (11.6)
3. Name and describe the three types of spectra. (11.6)
4. Arrange the following in order of increasing frequency (decreasing wavelength): light, infrared, ultraviolet, radio waves, microwaves, gamma rays, and X-rays. (page 255)
5. Name the colors in white light in order of increasing frequency (decreasing wavelength). (class)
6. List the three primary additive colors. (page 256)
7. Explain why a red shirt looks red. (page 257)
8. Discuss why the sky looks blue and the sunsets look red. (page 259)
9. Explain how a radio transmitter produces electromagnetic waves. (11.8)
10. What is the difference between AM and FM radios? (11.8)
11. Describe the detailed structure of an electromagnetic wave. (11.9)
12. Discuss the difference between polarized and unpolarized light. (11.10)
13. Explain how Polaroid material works. (11.10)
14. Describe how Polaroid lenses reduce glare. (11.10)
15. Discuss how the strong nuclear force maintains the stability of the nucleus. (13.1)
16. Use the stability region graph in your text to predict which nuclei are stable, and which type of radio active decay and unstable nuclei will occur. (13.1)
17. What is meant by radioactivity, and what are three types of particles associated with it? Describe the characteristics of these particles. (13.2)
18. Explain the operation of a Geiger counter. (page 292)
19. What is meant by a parent and daughter element? (13.3)
20. In regard to the changes that occur in the decay process, what is meant by the statement that the atomic number and the mass number are conserved? (13.3)
21. How does the daughter element compare to the parent element in mass and atomic numbers for alpha, beta, and gamma decay respectively? (13.3)
22. In objective 21 above, how does each process contribute to the stability of the nucleus? (13.3)
23. What is meant by half-life? (13.4)
24. Discuss how carbon-14 is used to date organic relics. (13.8)
11
1. Discuss the relationship between mass and energy. (14.8)
2. What is meant by nuclear fission? Give an example of a fission reaction. (14.10)
3. What is meant by a chain reaction in nuclear fission? (14.10)
4. Why are neutrons important in fission reactions? (14.11)
5. What are four possible events that can happen to a neutron in a reactor? (14.11)
6. List the four essential components of a nuclear fission reactor, and state the role of each component? (14.12)
7. Why can a fission explosion not occur at a commercial nuclear power plant? (14.11 - 14.12)
8. Describe the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? (14.13)
9. Name the isotopes of hydrogen and state which are radioactive. (14.13)
10. How does the triggering of a fission reaction differ from that of a fusion reaction? (14.14)
11. What is a major problem in the attempt to develop a fusion reactor? (14.14)
12. Compare and contrast nuclear waste left by fission and proposed fusion reactors(class discussion).
13. What fusion reaction occurs in the production of energy in the Sun? (14.14)
14. What are quarks? (8.2) (14.15)
12
Unit Test #2 Review Lessons 6 - 11
1. Define chemistry. (15.1)
2. What is the difference between a physical and chemical change? (15.1)
3. What is the difference between an atom and a molecule? Give an example of each. (15.3)
4. Compare and contrast the terms element, compound, and mixture. (15.2 - 15.4)
5. What is the difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture? Give an example of each. (15.4)
6. List the three physical states of matter and give two characteristics of each state. (15.6)
13
1. Contrast Boyle's Law and Charles' Law. (15.8, 15.9)
2. Explain how the volume, pressure, and temperature of a gas are related to each other. (15.8, 15.9)
3. Explain how equal volumes of gas and the number of molecules in each volume are related. (15.10)
4. What is meant by the kinetic theory of gases and what assumptions does it make? How does it explain Boyle's Law and Charles's Law? (15.11)
5. Using a periodic table, be familiar with the electronic structure of atoms by knowing how to calculate the maximum number of electrons per shell and the total number of electrons and valence electrons in each atom. (16.1, 16.2)
6. Using a periodic table, know the concept of valence and how to use valence to predict formulas of compounds. (16.2)
7. Know how to use the periodic table to predict properties of elements and to locate families of elements. (16.3)
8. Know how to classify elements by their positions in the periodic table. (16.3)
14
1. Know how to balance simple chemical equations. (16.4)
2. Know how to name ionic compounds containing metals and non-metals. (16.4)
3. Know how to name compounds containing polyatomic ions. (16.4)
4. Know how to name compounds containing only nonmetals. (16.4)
5. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonding. (16.5, 16.6)
6. Know how to write the election dot structure for covalent molecules. (16.6)
15
1. Compare and contrast an acid and a base and give four characteristics of each. (17.2)
2. Discuss the meaning and use of the pH scale. (17.3)
3. Compare and contrast oxidation and reduction and know how to identify these processes. (17.4)
16
Unit Test #3 Review Lessons 12 - 15
1. What are climate and weather? How do they differ? (pg 415)
2. Describe the pressure and temperature relationships which exist in our present atmosphere. (18.2)
3. Describe the Earth's energy balance. (18.3)
4. What are the Earth/Sun relationships which cause seasons? (18.3)
5. What is wind? (18.4)
6. How are winds generated? (18.4)
7. What is wind chill? How does it affect us? (pg 426)
8. What is the Coriolis effect? Explain the effect it has on circulation around (H) high, and (L) low pressure areas. (18.4)
9. Describe and diagram the Earth's global circulation patterns. (18.4)
10. What are jet streams? Where are they located? What produces them? (18.4)
17
Special Topics in Physical Science (Discussed By Instructor)
18
1. Discuss the difference between absolute and relative humidity. (18.5)
2. Know how the relative humidity of an air mass changes with varying temperatures of that air mass. (18.5)
3. When does an air mass become saturated. (18.5)
4. What is the dew point of a moist air mass. (18.5)
5. Recall the relationship between pressure and temperature of a gas. (15.8 - 15.9)
6. Discuss the change in a parcel of air as it is heated and begins to rise. (adiabatic cooling) (18.5; Recall 18.4 for adiabatic cooling)
7. Understand the difference between stable and unstable air masses. (Class Handout)
8. Recall the three components necessary in a cloud for the production of rain, and describe how seeding clouds with CO2 pellets can initiate the production of rain in a cloud. (18.7)
9. What is an air mass? (18.10)
10. Describe the characteristic of the convergent zones between moving air masses (front). Advancing Warm Front, and Advancing Cold Front . (18.10)
11. Describe the weather conditions on both the areas in front of, and behind, a moving front (warm and cold). (18.10)
12. Recognize the symbols on a weather map for warm, cold, and stationary fronts and predict their direction of motion. (Focus page 446 & 447)
19
Seasons (Instructor Lead Discussion)
20
1. About what amount of the earth do we exploit for nearly all of our material and energy resources? (19.1)
2. Draw, and describe a cross section of the Earth, indicating its four major layers. (19.2)
3. What is isostasy? Give two examples of the concept. (19.2)
4. How do scientists gather information about the deep interior of the Earth? (19.2)
5. Compare and contrast rocks and minerals. (19.3)
6. What are the three general categories of rocks? Give two examples of each. (19.3)
7. Diagram and discuss how the rock cycle relates the three major rock types. (19.3)
21
1. Discuss two lines of reasoning Wegener used to support his theory of continental drift. (19.6)
2. What initially lead to the theory of Plate Tectonics? (19.6)
3. What are the three basic types of plate boundaries? Be able to draw a diagram of each, and describe the relative motion between the plates and give an example of each type. (19.7)
22
1. Indicate, and explain the various geologic activities that may occur at the three (3) types of tectonic plate boundaries. (Earthquakes, Volcanoes) (19.9)
2. What is the difference in ground motion represented by two consecutive numbers on the Richter Scale? (pg. 488)
3. Define, compare, and contrast weathering and erosion. (19.10)
4. What are mechanical and chemical weathering? How do they differ? Give at least two examples of each. (19.10)
5. Discuss how the motion of tectonic plates is responsible for the stress buildup necessary to cause earthquakes.(19.9)
6. Explain how plate movement along one section of a fault zone can build up stress in another section of a fault zone. (19.9)
7. Explain how the earthquake events in China in 1975 and 1976 both pleased and disappointed scientists working in the field of "Earthquake Prediction" (19.9)
8. Discuss some of the principles of modern earthquake prediction. (19.9)
9. Recall the four (4) factors which determine the characteristics of a volcanic eruption.(19.10)
10. Define "Viscosity" and its role in determining characteristics of volcanic eruptions. (19.10)
23
1. Describe the three different methods of water transport relative to the hydrologic cycle. (20.4)
2. Relate the three different methods of water transportation to Figure 20.8 on page 514 of your text.
3. Discuss how the use of irrigation can result in nonproductive soil. (20.7)
4. Define eutrophication and discuss how it can result in the death of fish in lakes and rivers. (20.7)
5. What are the conditions necessary to develop ground water. (20.9)
6. Be familiar with and be able to discuss the ground water diagrams in Figure 20.16, and Figure 20.17 on pages 521 and 522 of your text.
7. Recall the location of the Ogallala Aquifer. (Figure 20.18 pg. 523)
8. Discuss the importance of the Ogallala Aquifer to the High Plains. (Class discussion and the "Power of Water" video.
9. Discuss the problems in regards to the Ogallala Aquifer. (Class & Video)
24
Unit Test #4 Review Lessons 16 - 23
1. What is the difference between astronomy and astrology? (p. 544)
2. What are circumpolar constellations? (21.1)
3. Know the effect of Earth's rotation on the apparent motions of stars. (21.2)
4. Know the effect of Earth's orbit around the Sun on the apparent motion of stars.(21.2)
5. What is parallax?(21.2)
6. Know the definitions of rotation and revolution. (21.2)
7. Be able to sketch the relative positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon at the various phases of the Moon. (21.3)
8. Know the names and sequence of the Moon's phases. (21.3)
9. Which are the waxing phases and the waning phases of the Moon? (21.3)
10. What is the effect of the tilt of the Moon's orbit with respect to the Earth's orbital
plane? (21.3)
11. What are nodes? (21.3)
12. What is a lunar eclipse, and in which phase of the Moon can it occur?(21.3)
13. What is a solar eclipse, and in which phase of the Moon can it occur? (21.3)
25
1. What is the origin of the word "planet"? (21.4)
2. What is meant by retrograde motion of planets? (21.4)
3. Know the meaning of the terms: celestial sphere, celestial equator, ecliptic, and zodiac. (21.4)
4. What events occur at the vernal equinox, autumn equinox, summer solstice, winter solstice? Be able to indicate the time of the year that each occurs. (21.4)
5. Indicate the contributions made by Aristotle and Ptolemy to early astronomy (21.5)
6. Define geocentric motion. (21.5)
7. What are epicycles, and why did Ptolemy use them? (21.5)
8. What is meant by heliocentric motion? (21.6)
9. Indicate the contributions made by Copernicus and Kepler to astronomy in the 16th and 17th centuries. (21.6, 21.8)
10. Know Kepler's three laws of planetary motion and be able to solve problems using the third law. (21.8)
11. Know the terms semi-major axis and focus in reference to an ellipse. Relate this to Earth's orbital path around the Sun. (21.8)
12. What is an astronomical unit (A.U.)? (21.8)
13. Given the period or the average distance to a planet, be able to calculate the other quantity using Kepler's third law. (21.8)
26
1. What is the approximate age of our solar system? (22.1)
2. Explain the Nebular Hypothesis. (22.1)
3. What condition was necessary in the interior of the Sun to initiate nuclear fusion reactions? (22.1)
4. After the completion of lesson 27 you should be able to identify which planet is the largest or smallest (highest or lowest) in the following categories:
-distance from Sun
-size
-mass
-density
-temperature
-rotation
-revolution
-orbital eccentricity
5. After the completion of lesson 27 you should be able to compare terrestrial and Jovian planets in the following characteristics
-size
-mass
-rotation
-number of satellites
-temperature
-surface characteristics
-orbital spacing
-ring systems
6. After the completion of lesson 27 you should be able to compare and contrast meteoroids, meteors, meteorites, asteroids, and comets.
27
1. How can the spectral absorption lines be used to identify the elements present in a star. (23.1)
2. Understand how the surface temperature of a star is indicated by its color. Recall the different colors and relate these colors to their relative temperatures. (23.1)
3. Discuss Hubble's Law and its importance. (23.1)
4. Discuss the different phases of evolution of a star such as our Sun. (23.4)
5. Recall the surface and core temperatures of the Sun. (22.2)
6. What is equilibrium in a star? (Figure 23.6 pg. 616)
28
1. How long will the fuel for nuclear reactions in the Sun last? (23.5)
2. What happens in the core of a star when hydrogen fusion ends? (23.5)
3. What are the two main facts that set a red giant star apart from a normal star like the Sun? (23.5)
4. What temperature is required to fuse helium in the core of a star? (23.5)
5. What element is formed when helium is fused in stars? (23.5)
6. What is a planetary nebula, and how is one formed? (23.5: Fig 23.9)
7. What is a white dwarf, and what is its approximate size? (23.5)
8. Discuss the fusion sequence of elements in the cores of massive stars leading to the production of iron (23.6)
9. What is a supernova, and what causes one to occur? (23.6)
10. When and where did the most recent supernova occur? (23.6)
11. Discuss what happens to the remnant material from dead stars. (23.6)
12. Describe the composition of a neutron star. (23.7)
13. How much mass must a dead star have to become a neutron star? (23.7)
14. What is the approximate radius of a neutron star? (23.7)
15. What is a pulsar? (23.7)
16. Compare a pulsar with a neutron star. (23.7)
17. Explain the Crab Nebula event. (23.7: Fig 23.15)
18. Compare and contrast the sequence of events in the life of lightweight and heavyweight stars. (23.7)
19. Under what conditions can a star become a black hole? (23.7)
20. How much mass must a dead star have to become a black hole? (23.7)
21. Why is a black hole called a "black hole?" (23.7)
22. How can a black hole be detected? (23.7)
28
23. What is a galaxy? (24.1)
24. Describe the first accurate estimate of the size of our galaxy. (24.1)
25. Where is the Sun located in our galaxy? (24.1)
26. Discuss the characteristics of a globular cluster. (24.1)
27. Describe the work of Harlow Shapley. (24.1)
28. What is the approximate diameter of the Milky Way Galaxy? (24.1)
29. Compare the Andromeda Galaxy with the Milky Way Galaxy. (24.1)
30. Compare the age and chemical composition of stars in the core of the galaxy with stars like our Sun. (24.1)
31. Describe the motion of the Sun in our galaxy. (24.1)
32. What are quasars? (24.3)
29
1. What is cosmology? (24.4)
2. When did the Big Bang occur? (24.4)
3. How much hydrogen and helium existed at the moment of the Big Bang? (24.4)
4. How long after the Big Bang had 75% of known matter become hydrogen and 25% become helium? (24.4)
5. Describe two possible fates of the universe (Figure 24.17)
6. What is meant by the oscillating universe? (24.4)
7. What is meant by dark matter? (24.4)
30.
Unit Test #5 (Review Lessons 24 - 29)
Course Review (Review Lessons 1 - 30)
31.
Critique Unit & Lab Test #5
Review (Lesson 1 - 30)